Assessing fluid responsiveness is critical to evaluating whether patients are responding to fluid loading, itself key to resuscitating hemodynamically unstable patients. Specifically, fluid responsiveness is defined as a 10-15% increase in stroke volume after receiving 500 ml of crystalloid over…
General anesthesia has allowed for great advancements in the surgical field. It is typically used in lengthy procedures or procedures that cause heavy blood loss or affect the patient’s airway or breathing [4]. The goal is for the surgical…
Neuromuscular blockades are agents commonly used during surgical operations where muscular contraction may compromise the efficacy of the procedure. The molecular configuration of neuromuscular blockades mimics acetylcholine. Through post-synaptic binding…
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes.1 Published by the World Health Organization (WHO), it is used worldwide to analyze…
The United States is currently locked in an intense race between scientists developing treatments for SARS-CoV-2 versus the rise of COVID-19 outbreaks across the United States. The pandemic represents a significant threat to the…
More than three million people in the United States have a conventional pacemaker and more than 300,000 have an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) with pacing capabilities (1). Pacemakers and ICDs are becoming more common as technology…
Health care practitioners are held to the highest standards of excellence, trusted by the community to provide quality treatment and care to patients. With the increasing popularity of social media,…
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is now performed on 1,000,000 patients per year world-wide with 100,000 of those in the United States [6]. ECT is an effective therapeutic modality for severe and treatment-resistant depression, psychosis, bipolar disorder, and…
Traumatic injury refers to physical injuries of sudden onset and severity that require immediate medical attention.1 The trauma patient may have systemic shock and necessitate resuscitation or limb-saving interventions.1 Traumatic…
Bioengineering is the application of modern technology to the biological and medical disciplines. An important subset of the discipline that has had a large impact on anesthesiology in particular is…
Isoflurane is a stable volatile anesthetic that is one of the most readily available inhalational anesthetic agents on the clinical market. While the exact mechanism of action is unknown, it…
Anesthetic drugs are associated with several common side effects that occur during and after surgery, including nausea and vomiting, chills and shivering, sore throat, muscle aches and itching.1 Depending on…